FA Premier League Ticketing Policy

FA PREMIER LEAGUE TICKETING POLICY Home Match FA Premier League ticketing policy Match Tickets for home FA Premier League games are sold as follows:Match Tickets will go on sale 42 days before the fixture – where 42 days falls on a Saturday or Sunday the Match Tickets will go on sale on the following Monday or if Monday is a â€Å"Bank Holiday†, then Tuesday:Week 1 of sales at 1 per Member only.Week 2 of sales of up to 2 extra Match Tickets per Member and 2 extra Match Tickets per Season Ticket Holder (no more than 3 Match Tickets in total per Member/Season Ticket Holder).Week 3 – general sale (maximum of 4 per person) – subject to availability. A premium of  £5 per adult Match Ticket and  £2.50 per juvenile/Senior Citizen Match Ticket will be applied to all non-corporate Match Tickets sold during the general sale period. The premium for general sale Match Tickets has been introduced as part of the ongoing initiative to stop the flow of Match Tickets t o ticket touts.All Match Ticket on sale dates and times are subject to change.Chelsea Football Club reserves the right to review the number of Match Tickets Members/Season Ticket Holders can purchase on a match by match basis.95% of Match Tickets will be on sale via www.chelseafc.com with the remaining 5% being sold at the box office to personal callers and via call centre on 0871 984 1905****.FA Premier League Matches will now be priced at category AA, category A or category B. Match Tickets for Matches against Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United and Tottenham will be priced at category AA. Aston Villa, Everton, Fulham, Newcastle United, Queens Park Rangers and West Ham United will be priced at category A. All remaining Matches will be priced at Category B. Chelsea Football Club reserves the right to change the pricing category of any Match.There will be no upgrades or downgrades on Season TeamCards or Match Tickets.Refunds will only be made in accordance with th e Match Ticket Conditions of Issue. Any refunds can be made at the box office providing the Match Tickets are received back no later than 48 hours before the Match. Refunds can only be made on production of the actual Match Ticket.All personal callers at the box office must carry their Season TeamCard or Membership card with them in order to purchase and/or collect Match Tickets.Supporters are reminded that adults cannot use concession Match Tickets or Season TeamCards to gain entry to the Ground.All persons irrespective of age must be in possession of a valid Match Ticket. All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.Domestic cup Home Matches Season Ticket Holders will always have a period in which they can reserve their own seat before all Chelsea domestic cup Home Matches.The initial selling date varies depending on the number of days Chelsea Football Club has to sell Match Tickets but procedure will normally follow the following pattern:Initial selling period for Season Ti cket Holders to purchase their own seat*.Then a period at 1 per Member only.Next sales period at 2 extra Match Tickets per Member and 2 extra Match Tickets per Season Ticket Holder (no more than 3 Match Tickets in total per Member/Season Ticket Holder)General sale to follow at date to be agreed, subject to availability.The discounted pricing structure for domestic cup Home Matches is subject to agreement prior to each Home Match with the visiting club, as per competition rules. There will be no upgrades or downgrades on Season TeamCards or Match Tickets.Chelsea Football Club reserves the right to change the pricing category of any Match.Season Ticket Holders’ seats will be held for a period of 6 days whereby they will be able to purchase their own seat*. The final day will see the reservation removed and Season Ticket Holders who have not purchased or have been moved from the Shed End (where the away club has taken the full allocation) will be able to log in and purchase the seats that are not taken by fellow Season Ticket Holders in the reservation period.These timings may alter if there is a reduced selling period.Supporters are reminded that adults cannot use concession Match Tickets or Season TeamCards to gain entry to the Ground.All persons irrespective of age must be in possession of a valid Match Ticket.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.Away Match FA Premier League ticketing policy Match Tickets for FA Premier League Away Matches are sold as follows:All Match Tickets go on sale 28 days before the Match. Where 28 days falls on a Saturday/Sunday the Match Tickets will go on sale the following Monday or, if Monday is a Bank Holiday, then Tuesday. Remaining Match Tickets will be split between Season Ticket Holders (60%) and Members (40%) after the allocation for hospitality sales (10%) and supporters who are Members of the FA Premier League Away Match Ticket scheme have been removed from the overall allocation available.Match Tickets will be sold as follows:Season Ticket Holders can purchase one Match Ticket per person. Supporters who are part of the FA Premier League Away Match Ticket scheme will have their Match Tickets sent out automatically approximately 28 days before the Match.Members can purchase one Match Ticket per person.Season Ticket Holders and Members will be able to purchase an extra 2 Match Tickets (maximum of 3 Match Tickets in total).Match Tickets for fixtures against Wigan will go on general sale subject to availability. All other Away Matches will NOT go on general sale.Match Ticket on sale dates and times are subject to change.These Match Tickets will be allocated on a first come, first served basis. 95% of Match Tickets for each game will be sold online and 5% will be sold to personal callers at the box office and via the call centre on 0871 984 1905****.If Chelsea Football Club does not sell the entirety of its Away Match Ticket allocation, no refunds will be offered and/or Match Tickets r edeemed.Refunds will only be made in accordance with the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue. Any refunds may be made at the box office for Away Matches providing the Match Tickets received by Chelsea Football Club are on a sale or return basis and returned no later than 48 hours before the Match. Refunds can only be made on production of the actual Match Ticket. Match Tickets not collected from the box office will not be refunded under any circumstances.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.FA Premier League Away Match Ticket scheme For the 2013/14 season, only Season Ticket Holders will be eligible to apply to join this away scheme, as well as 200 Members.Initially, all existing supporters in the 2012/13 FA Premier League Away Match Ticket scheme will be given an opportunity to renew before new applications are invited from any other Season Ticket Holder, until the scheme reaches a capacity of 800 Season Ticket Holders. Chelsea FC will also have 200 spaces for Members to be part of this scheme on a first come first served basis. The scheme will have a maximum of 1000 supporters in total.The Away Match season ticket will cost  £880 and will be payable by direct debit. This will be payable over 8 monthly payments (final instalment is not a fixed amount). If at the end of the season the cost of the 19 FA Premier League Away Matches is more or less than the  £880 the eighth and final instalment will be changed accordingly. All Match Tickets will be sent out automatically approximately 28 days prior to the Match (subject to the Match Tickets arriving from the away club).Supporters on the scheme will receive all concession discounts offered to Chelsea from the away team.Domestic cup Away Match Ticket scheme (excluding FA Cup/League Cup Finals and FA Cup semi-finals) For the 2013/14 season, subject to availability, first priority on domestic cup Away Match Tickets will be given to those in the FA Premier League Away Match Ticket scheme. Supporters on this scheme will be given a priority period where they can purchase a Match Ticket. This will not be a compulsory purchase and supporters on this scheme will not be removed if they do not purchase.Remaining Match Tickets will be split between Season Ticket Holders (60%) and Members (40%) after the allocation for hospitality sales (10%) and supporters who are Members of the FA Premier League Away Match Ticket scheme have been removed from the overall allocation available.Away Match Tickets will NOT go on general sale, unless otherwise stated.Platinum supporters clubs will have an allocation of a maximum of 150 Match Tickets to distribute to their group Members (who must also be official Chelsea Football Club Season Ticket Holders or Members).If demand for an Away Match outweighs supply, priority will be given to away scheme Members who purchased Match Tickets for all UK Away Matches in 2012/13 season.Refunds will only be made in accordance with the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue. S uch refunds can be made at the box office for Away Matches providing the Match Tickets received by Chelsea Football Club are on a sale or return basis and returned no later than 48 hours before the Match.League Cup Semi-Finals will follow the above sales procedure.If Chelsea Football Club does not sell the entirety of its Away Match Ticket allocation, no refunds will be offered and/or redeemed.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE TICKETING POLICY UEFA Champions League Home Match pricing policy and selling arrangements Tickets for UEFA Champions League Home Matches will go on sale as follows:Initial selling period for Season Ticket Holders to purchase their own seat*.Then a period at 1 per Member only.Next sales period at 2 extra Match Tickets per Member and 2 extra Match Tickets per Season Ticket Holder (no more than 3 Match Tickets in total per Member/Season Ticket Holder)General sale to follow at date to be agreed, subject to availability.These timings may alter if there is a reduced selling period, especially for knockout stage games, though phasing will stay the same.Chelsea Football Club reserves the right to review the number of Match Tickets Members/Season Ticket Holders can purchase on a Match by Match basis.Any Season Ticket Holders who are displaced in the Ground due to outside broadcast/UEFA requests will be able to purchase an available seat elsewhere in a non-corporate area within the Ground at their current seat price.Season Ticket Holders' seats will be held for 6 days*. The final day will see the reservation removed and Season Ticket Holders who have not purchased or have been moved for outside broadcasting reasons will be able to log in and purchase the seats that are not taken by fellow Season Ticket Holders in the reservation period.Juvenile and Senior Citizen Season Ticket Holders may purchase their own seat at a 50% concession for UEFA Champions League knockout stage Matches only (excluding the East Stan d). This discount will only apply in the reservation period for supporters whose seats are not affected by the outside broadcasting areas. Season Ticket Holders who have to move seats due to the outside broadcasting area will be able to apply for the discount on the final Season Ticket Holder day where the reservation period has been removed.Round of 16 Matches will be priced at category A Match Ticket prices. Quarter finals and semi-final Matches will be priced at category AA.Supporters are reminded that adults cannot use concession Match Tickets or Season TeamCards to gain entry to the stadium.UEFA Champions League Away Match Ticket scheme Initially, all existing supporters in the 2012/13 away UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme will be given an opportunity to renew before new applications are invited from any other Season Ticket Holder/Member, until the scheme reaches a capacity of 800 Season Ticket Holders. Chelsea Football Club will also have 200 spaces for Members to be pa rt of this scheme on a first come first served basis. The scheme will have a maximum of 1000 supporters in total.Supporters on the UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme will be given a priority period where they can purchase a Match Ticket. Failure to purchase within this reservation period will not result in removal from the scheme, however a seat will no longer be guaranteed. Supporters will then need to purchase Match Tickets in the relevant purchasing period (Season Ticket Holders in the Season Ticket Holder period and Members in the Member period). Tickets are sold subject to availability.Supporters on the scheme can miss one Match and will not be removed from the scheme. Supporters will be removed from the scheme if they do not collect the Match Tickets they have purchased from the box office or fail to purchase Match Tickets for two or more Matches.All supporters completing the declaration form may be asked to provide proof of transport booking (non-UK matches only).If dema nd for an Away Match outweighs supply, priority will be given to UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme Members who also purchased Match Tickets for all UEFA Away Matches in the 2012/13 season.The Away Match Ticket scheme holders within the scheme get first option on Match Tickets for all UEFA Champions League Away Matches, subject to availability.All Match Tickets go on sale 28 days before the Match. Where 28 days falls on a Saturday/Sunday the Match Tickets will go on sale the following Monday or, if Monday is a Bank Holiday, then Match Tickets will go on sale the following Tuesday.Additionally, hospitality sales will receive 10% of the allocation from the away club. Chelsea Football Club’s travel partner will also receive an allocation from Chelsea Football Club. The Chelsea Football Club travel partner allocation will be sold in line with Chelsea Football Club’s Ticketing Policies.Platinum supporters clubs will also receive 50 Match Tickets (excluding Match Ticket s for the final and the semi-final) where Chelsea Football Club receives more than 2000 Match Tickets from the opposing club.Remaining Match Tickets will be split between Season Ticket Holders (60%) and Members (40%) after the allocation for hospitality sales (10%) and supporters of the UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme have been removed from the overall allocation available.Match Tickets will be sold as follows:supporters who are part of the UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme can purchase a Match Ticket within this period. Season Ticket Holders can purchase one Match Ticket per person.Members can purchase one Match Ticket per person.These Match Tickets will be allocated on a first come, first served basis. 95% of Match Tickets for each Match will be sold online and 5% will be sold to personal callers at the box office and call centre.Match Tickets for Away Matches can be collected from the box office with the fully completed declaration form. Alternatively Match Tickets can be posted out via royal mail special delivery at an extra cost. Supporters who request to have their Match Tickets sent out should note this will be at their own risk. Chelsea Football Club will not be liable in the event that the Match Tickets do not arrive, in which case such tickets cannot be duplicated or refunded. This will also apply to any friends and family purchases made online.In order to ensure that Match Tickets have not been transferred, supporters may be subject to a ticket check at the turnstiles by Chelsea Football Club’s employees and/or officers. Therefore all supporters will be required to be in possession of their Match Ticket and passport (or a copy of the photographic page) when attending the Match.In this instance it may be necessary, for security reasons, to issue the Match Tickets in the host country.Tickets for UEFA Champions League Away Matches are non-transferable and the Season Ticket Holder/Member must be the customer who travels to the Match .Refunds will only be made in accordance with the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue. Such refunds can be made at the box office for Away Matches providing the Match Tickets given to Chelsea Football Club are on a sale or return basis and returned no later than 48 hours before the Match. Match Tickets not collected from the box office will not be refunded under any circumstances.Supporters who do not collect their Match Tickets will not be entitled to a refund and will not be rewarded with loyalty points. Supporters who fail to collect Match Tickets for UEFA Champions League Away Matches will be removed from the UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme.All Match Tickets are subject to availability.DUPLICATE TICKET PROCEDURE FOR HOME MATCHES Duplicate Home Match Tickets (Season Ticket Holder’s seats) Season Ticket Holders who DO NOT bring their Season TeamCard with them on matchday must visit the box office on the day of the Match where a duplicate Match Ticket may be issued at a cost of  £5 per Match Ticket. Photographic proof of ID is essential and only the Season Ticket Holder can collect a duplicate Match Ticket. It is important to note that only the Season Ticket Holder who owns the Season TeamCard will be able to collect the replacement Match Ticket.Duplicate Home Match Tickets (general Match Tickets) Supporters who DO NOT bring their Match Tickets with them on matchday or where their Match Tickets have not arrived in the post must visit the box office on the day of the Match where duplicate Match Tickets may be issued at a cost of  £5 per Match Ticket (if lost or damaged). Photographic proof of ID is essential. It is important to note that only the customer who made the original purchase will be able to collect the replacement Home Match Ticket.PROCEDURE FOR AWAY MATCHDAY TICKETS LOST OR STOLEN Duplicate Away Match Tickets (not including UEFA Champions League Matches) Supporters' Match Tickets for an Away Match that do not arrive must contact the Chelsea Football Club call centre on 0871 984 1905**** no earlier than 48 hours before the Match in order to request a duplicate Away Match Ticket. A request will be sent to the away club and a duplicate Away Match Ticket will be made available for collection at the away stadium’s box office. All supporters must attend the relevant away club's box office on the day of the Match with photographic proof of ID to collect the replacement Away Match Ticket(s). We regret that duplicate Away Match Tickets for UEFA Champions League Away Matches cannot be provided unless otherwise stated.FA CUP SEMI-FINAL AND FA CUP/LEAGUE CUP FINAL SELLING PROCEDURES Match Tickets for FA Cup/League Cup finals and FA Cup semi-finals will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders first with Members able to purchase any remaining Match Tickets.Match Tickets for these Matches will go on sale as follows:Supporters on the UK Away Match scheme will be able to purchase one Match Ticket per person.Season Ticket Ho lders will gain priority depending on how many loyalty points they have. Match Tickets will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders with the highest number of loyalty points first. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold or all Season Ticket Holders have had reasonable opportunity to apply for a Match Ticket.Once the Season Ticket Holder sales period is complete, Members will be invited to apply again using the loyalty point method.No refunds can be made for Match Tickets purchased for these Matches.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE SEMI-FINAL (AWAY LEG) AND FINAL SELLING PROCEDURES Match Tickets for Champions League Semi-Final (Away Leg) and Final will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders first with Members able to purchase any remaining Match Tickets on a loyalty point basis.Match Tickets for these Matches will go on sale as follows:The UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme Members will be able to purchase one Match Ticke t per person.Match Tickets will then be sold to Season Ticket Holders on a loyalty point basis. Match Tickets will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders with the highest number of loyalty points. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold or all Season Ticket Holders have had a reasonable opportunity to apply for a Match Ticket.Remaining Match Tickets will be sold to Members on a loyalty point basis. Match Tickets will go on sale to Members with the highest number of loyalty points. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold.For European Away Matches Chelsea Football Club and Chelsea Football Club’s travel partner will both receive an allocation of Match Tickets. Both allocations will be sold on a loyalty point basis initially with the same points totals each day. However once one of the allocations has sold out the remaining allocation will continue to be sold on a loyalty point basis until they are sold out.No refunds can be made for Match Tickets purchased for these Matches.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availabilitySUPER CUP SELLING PROCEDURES Match Tickets for the Super Cup go on sale to Season Ticket Holders first with Members able to purchase any remaining Match Tickets on a loyalty point basis.Match Tickets for this Match will go on sale as follows:The UEFA Away Match Scheme Members from the end of the 2012-2013 season will be able to purchase one Match Ticket per person.Match Tickets will then be sold to Season Ticket Holders on a loyalty point basis. Match Tickets will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders with the highest number of loyalty points from the previous season first. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold or all Season Ticket Holders have had a reasonable opportunity to apply for a Match Ticket.Remaining Match Tickets will be sold to Members on a loyalty point basis. Match Tickets will go on sale to Members with the highest number of loyalty points from the previ ous season first. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold.For European Away Matches Chelsea Football Club and Chelsea Football Club’s travel partner will both receive an allocation of Match Tickets. Both allocations will be sold on a loyalty point basis initially with the same points totals each day. However once one of the allocations has sold out the remaining allocation will continue to be sold on a loyalty point basis until they are sold out.No refunds can be made for Match Tickets purchased for these Matches.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.COMMUNITY SHIELD Tickets for the Community Shield will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders first with Members able to purchase any remaining Match Tickets.Tickets for these Matches will go on sale as follows:Away Match scheme Members for the 2013-2014 season will be able to purchase one Match Ticket.Season Ticket Holders will gain priority depending on how many loyalty points they have. Ticket s will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders with the highest number of loyalty points from the previous season first. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold or all Season Ticket Holders have had reasonable opportunity to apply for a Match Ticket.Once the Season Ticket Holder sales period is complete, Members will be invited to apply again using loyalty points from the previous season.No refunds can be made for Match Tickets purchased for these Matches.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.CONCESSIONS Supporters are reminded that adults cannot use concession Match Tickets or Season TeamCards to gain entry to the Ground.Senior citizens Any Season Ticket Holder who qualifies for Senior Citizen concessions during season 2012/13 will be able to renew their seat for season 2013/14 at the Senior Citizen concessional price. Subject to the paragraph below, to qualify as a Senior Citizen you must be 65 or over as of the 31st July 2013.Customers who turn 65 during the season will be able to call the call centre or visit the box office during the reservation period and reserve their seat for cup or UEFA Champions League Matches at the reduced concession price.Supporters who are renewing their Season TeamCards and who previously have held a Senior Citizen concession Season TeamCard will be able to renew for the 2013/2014 season at the concession price.Juveniles To qualify as a juvenile you must be under 18 as of the 31st July 2013.Family centre (East Stand Lower)/East Upper The family centre will continue to operate in the East Lower Stand offering unlimited concessionary seating to juveniles and Senior Citizen concessions.Individual adult Match Tickets are not available for purchase within this area.A maximum of 2 adult seats per juvenile seat are available.TICKETING LOYALTY SCHEME Chelsea Football Club Season Ticket Holders and Members loyalty scheme For the 2013/14 season, the loyalty scheme will continue to operate for all Chelsea F ootball Club Home and Away Matches.Loyalty points will be used prior to domestic cup finals, UEFA Champions League semi-finals and final and the FA Cup semi-final**. Points earned leading up to these Matches will be activated, giving priority on Match Tickets, subject to availability.Points will be awarded dependent on opposition/competition. 1 point: Arsenal Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United TottenhamUEFA Champions League Home Matches in the knockout stages3 points:All other Home and Away Matches in the FA Premier League5 points:FA Cup, League Cup Home and Away Matches, UEFA Champions League group stage Home matches and all UEFA Champions League Away matches.Match Tickets for the Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Queen Park Rangers and Tottenham Home and Away Matches will be sold on a loyalty point basis where possible. In the event that any of these Matches take place in the first month of the season, the previous season’s loyalty points will be taken into account. Chelsea Football Club reserves the right to allow Season Ticket Holders a further opportunity to apply for the Members’ Away Match Ticket allocation should they not sell out in adequate time.Points will not be awarded for attendance at any domestic cup final, UEFA Champions League final, FA Cup semi-final and Final, Super Cup Final, Community Shield or World Club Championships. Loyalty points will only apply to Match Tickets purchased from the box office/call centre and via Thomas Cook for UEFA Champions League Away Matches.Points will be issued per Match and not per Match Ticket.A 5 point bonus will also be awarded to any Member who renews their Membership/enrols for the 2013/14 season before close of business on 31st July 2013. Further point bonuses may be attached to specific Matches during the season.Loyalty points take a minimum of 48 hours to be added to a Season TeamCard/Membership card once a sale has been processed.IF ANY SEASON TICKETS BECOME AVALABLE FOR FUTURE SEASONS THE LOYALTY POINT SCHEME WILL BE USEDDUPLICATE SEASON TEAMCARD PROCEDURE Duplicate Season TeamCards (Lost/Damaged) Season Ticket Holders who have lost or damaged their Season TeamCard must contact the call centre or visit the box office and a duplicate may be issued at a cost of  £25 per card. The Season TeamCard can only be collected from the box office and will not be sent out. It is important to note that only the Season Ticket Holder will be able to collect the replacement Season TeamCard.Duplicate Season TeamCards (Stolen) Season Ticket Holders who have had their Season TeamCard stolen must contact the call centre or visit the box office and a duplicate may be issued with the crime reference number and the police station it has been reported to. The Season TeamCard can only be collected from the box office and will not be sent out. It is important to note that only the Season Ticket Holder will be able to collect the replacement Season TeamCard.Se ason TeamCard Moves Season Ticket Holders will be able to send in their completed Season TeamCard application form stating where they wish to move to. Chelsea Football Club will accommodate seat moves on a first come first come first served basis subject to availability. No seat move is guaranteed and the best available seat will be allocated according to the options stated on the application form.Season TeamCard name changes Season Ticket holders can change the name on their Season TeamCard by sending a letter from the original Season Ticket Holder confirming that they wish to relinquish the seat and who they are passing it to. Should the name be changed before the Season TeamCard is renewed this will be free of charge. However, should a name change take place once the Season TeamCard has been renewed there will be a charge of  £25.MATCH TICKET PURCHASING POLICY General Sale Match Tickets Match Tickets sold on general sale for all Chelsea Football Club FA Premier League Home Matc hes or UEFA Champions League Home Matches will be sold for an additional  £5 for adults and  £2.50 for juveniles/Senior Citizens as compared to the Members’ admission price, subject to availability.Should Match Tickets go on general sale for Champions League Matches, Match Tickets WILL NOT be sold to non-Members who appear to be supporters of the opposing club.Should Match Tickets go on general sale for domestic league or domestic cup Matches, Match Tickets may not go on sale to non Members who live in certain postcodes or areas within the vicinity of the visiting club.As part of its anti-touting policy Chelsea Football Club will not accept cash payments at the box office when Match Tickets are on general sale to non-Members. Photographic identification will also be required for all Match Tickets sold on general sale. General sale Match Tickets may also be retained at the Chelsea Football Club box office for collection on matchday only. Photographic identification will be required to collect the Match Tickets. For the avoidance of doubt, Match Tickets can only be collected by the Ticket Holder who place the Match Ticket order and to whom such Match Tickets are issued.Box office opening hours General box office opening hours for personal callers are as follows:Monday to Friday9:15am – 5pm Non-match day Saturdays9am – 12pm Non-match day SundaysClosed Match days 3pm or earlier kick off 9am – Half time Match days 12:30pm kick off 9am – Half time Match day Saturdays 5:30pm kick off11am – Half time Match day Sundays 3pm or earlier kick off9am – Half time Match day Sundays 4pm kick off10am – Half time Midweek matches 7:45pm/8pm kick off9:15am – Half timeOn home matchdays, Match Ticket sales/collections for all other Matches (excluding the Match played on that day) will not be available less than 2 hours before kick off. This is to assist supporters with collections and enquiries for that particular Ma tch.Call centre opening hours Monday to Friday9:15am – 5pm Non-match day Saturdays9am – 12pm Non-Match day SundaysClosed Match days 3pm kick off 10am – 1pm Match days 12:30pm kick off 9am – 10:30pm Match day Saturdays 5:30pm kick off 12pm – 3:30pm Match day Sundays 3pm or earlier kick off9am – 1pm Match days Sundays 4pm kick off12pm – 2pm Midweek matches 7:45pm/8pm kick off9:15am – 5pmShould a Home Match move from the Saturday to the Sunday the box office and call centre will NOT be open on the Saturday prior to the Match.Methods of payment We currently accept the following methods of payment:Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, and American Express. Cash payments are also accepted at the box office from personal callers only (excluding general sale). Season TeamCard renewals may also be paid for by the Premium Credit/Chelsea Football Club Instalment Plan, which allows payment for the Season TeamCard in six monthly payments.Internet, box office and call centre purchasing Match Tickets may be purchased by Season Ticket Holders/Members at the box office, call centre and www.chelseafc.com.All Match Tickets will go on sale on the internet at 7am. All Home and Away Match Tickets will go on sale at the box office and call centre from 9am.95% of Match Tickets for each Match will be sold online and 5% will be sold to personal callers at the box office and via the call centre.Chelsea Football Club reserves the right to alter this split of Match Tickets between online sales, personal callers and the call centre at any time.Subject to availability, the general public will be able to purchase Match Tickets from www.chelseafc.com, call centre and the box office.Members or Season Ticket Holders who wish to purchase at the box office must have all Season TeamCards or Membership cards with them. Supporters visiting the box office will only be able to purchase a maximum of 10 Match Tickets per person. The customer making the transa ction must be a Season Ticket Holder or Member and must produce photographic identification on request.Match Ticket administrative fee All Match Ticket credit/debit card transactions will be subject to a  £1.50 per Match Ticket administration fee.Restricted view seating Restricted view Match Tickets are recommended for adults only.Membership purchases Supporters purchasing Membership should note that once a Membership is processed Match Tickets cannot be purchased until the Membership is active. Membership can take a minimum of 48 hours to become active before supporters can purchase Match Tickets. The Membership process can also take up to 28 days to be completed which includes communication of the Membership cards.Match Ticket exchange Season Ticket Holders and Members can visit the Ticket Exchange to buy officially authorised Match Tickets. Season Ticket Holders will be able to sell their seats for Home Matches and Members will be able to purchase Match Tickets. This is an onli ne service available from www.chelseafc.com. This process can take a minimum of 48 hours to register once the Membership process is complete.Posting of Match Tickets Chelsea Football Club’s responsibility for Match Tickets ends from the moment the Match Tickets are posted. Chelsea Football Club is therefore not responsible for any failings in the postal system.Touting information If you pay more than the face value of a Match Ticket or have bought a Match Ticket(s) from a tout or an online ticket agency such ticket will be invalid and you are likely to be refused entry or ejected from the stadium. However, if you send details of the Match Tickets to [email  protected] the matter will be investigated and, if the Match Tickets are not forgeries, they will be validated. The unauthorised sale of football tickets is a criminal offence under UK law. Distribution of Match Tickets is only permitted in accordance with clause 4.3 of the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue and providing the Match Ticket is transferred for no more than the face value of the Match Ticket and the pro-rata part of any administration charge.Chelsea Football Club and/or any registered ticket agent will only sell Match Tickets for Chelsea Football Club Matches at face value plus any administration charge.As part of its anti-touting policy Chelsea Football Club will not accept cash payments at the box office when Match Tickets are on general sale to non-Members. Photographic identification will also be required for all Match Tickets sold on general sale. General sale Match Tickets may also be retained at the Chelsea FC box office for collection on matchday only. Photographic identification will be required to collect the Match Tickets. For the avoidance of doubt, Match Tickets can only be collected by the Ticket Holder who placed the Match Ticket order and to whom such Match Tickets are issued.Group bookings Supporters wishing to purchase Match Tickets for 10 or more people can make an app lication by visiting www.chelseafc.com/tickets. Here an application can be made (subject to availability and allocation) for certain Home Matches listed. Applicants will need to complete an application form. Chelsea Football Club will endeavour to respond to the application within 5 working days. Please note that applications cannot be made for Matches that are not listed. Match Tickets will also be priced at the non-Members’ rate.Chelsea Football Club retains the right to review and update this policy at any time during the season.Supporters’ Segregation Home Match Tickets and Season TeamCards are for the use of supporters of Chelsea Football Club only. By applying for these and/or using the same, a supporter warrants and represents that they are a supporter of Chelsea Football Club and, in particular, that they are not supporters of the opposing team at any given Match. Any Ticket Holder who breaches this warranty and representation is liable to be ejected from the G round with no refund or other compensation.ALL POLICIES AND TICKETS ARE SUBJECT TO THE MATCH TICKET CONDITIONS OF ISSUEThis document is designed solely to assist supporters by explaining Chelsea Football Club’s Ticketing Policy. It is not legally binding and is subject to change at any time at the sole discretion of Chelsea Football Club.For the terms and conditions which govern the issue, application for and/or purchase of any Match Tickets referred to within this Ticketing Policy, please refer to Chelsea Football Club’s Match Ticket Conditions of Issue which are available for inspection at www.chelseafc.com. The Match Ticket Conditions of Issue also incorporate the Chelsea Football Club Ground Regulations, which are available for inspection at Chelsea Football Club’s offices and are displayed at all entrances to and elsewhere in the Ground.In the event of any conflict between this Ticketing Policy and the Match Ticket Conditions, the Match Ticket Conditions sh all prevail.Capitalised words and expressions used in this Ticketing Policy shall have the same meanings as those used in the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue.

Pasyon: a Factor That Shaped the Filipinos’ Identity Essay

The review of the literature for this study focuses on the significance of the Pasyon as one of the popular forms of literature that seems to have fascinated people throughout the centuries. This focuses on a number of different studies and published articles that supports the former statement. Many writers have proclaimed that Pasyon was used by the Spanish as one of the factors to slowly conquer the Philippines, in which it created a big impact in the minds of every Filipinos. One of these is Reynaldo Ileto who alluded to this significance: â€Å"One of the principal ideas developed in this study is that the masses experience of Holy Week fundamentally shaped the style of peasant brother- hoods and uprisings during (the Spanish and early American colonial periods. Instead of glorifying the ancient rituals of the babaylane’s (native priests) as evocative of the true native spirit, the fact has to be accepted that the majority of the lowland Filipinos were converted to Spanish Catholicism. [†¦] The various rituals of Holy week, particularly the reading of the story of Jesus Christ â€Å"(Pasyon and Revolution, 1840-1910). Paul Spickard in his work, Race and Nation, quoted that â€Å"Colonialism seem to always result in â€Å"racialized† hierarchies between conquering people and the conquered. Colonialism brought many common items to the places that were colonized and resulted into rapid decline of the native’s culture, language, and traditions. Terms and Concepts Words matter. In this research, one finds several terms and concepts that are used in different chapters. Here are their definitions that will guide and give us a little background about the study. Pabasa ng Pasyon. The Pasyon is normally heard during Holy Week in the Philippines, where its recitation, known as the Pabasa (â€Å"Reading†) can span several days over the course of the period, extending no later thanBlack Saturday. Readers will chant the verses of the Pasyon without pause from beginning to end in front of a specially-constructed shrine or altar. This non-stop reading of the Pasyon is facilitated by the chanters working in shifts. The reading of Pasyon must be finished before 3 pm of Good Friday (the time when Jesus died on the cross). Musical accompaniment to its recitation is practised by some though is by no means universal. (Pasyon, Wikipedia. org) Before evolving into the contemporary version of the reading and chanting ritual in the Philippines during the Lenten season, the early form of the pabasa was introduced to the indigenous people of the Philippine islands by Spanish friars. The Spaniards brought Catholicism to the Philippines. Gradually, over the period of Spanish colonialism in the Philippines (1521–1898), the ancient Filipinos adapted the religious chanting introduced by the Spanish priests and incorporated it to their own custom of singing epics during native celebrations. (Pabasa (ritual), Wikipedia. org) Race One finds the word â€Å"race† used to refer to particular group of people competing each other for power or control. Race is one of the factors that shape the relationship between peoples. According to the pseudoscientists, there are big races (perhaps four or five of them). In this view, race is about biology, genes, phenotype, and the body. It is physical, inherited, and immutable. The races are discrete from each other. Each race has not only specific distinguishing body features- skin color, hair texture, nose shape, and so forth- but specific character qualities that cannot be erased; they may be suppressed, but eventually they will come out. These qualities are cultural aspects, such as language, citizen, religion, child rearing practices, food habits clothing, and so forth. (Paul Spickard, Race and Nation, 2005) Language One finds the word, â€Å"language† used to refer to a complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various modes for thought and communication (qtd in COMA 104 notes). Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of language in any of its senses is called linguistics (language, Wikipedia. org). Culture One finds the word, â€Å"culture† used to refer to the totality of group’s thought, experience, and patterns of behaviour and its concepts values and assumptions about life that guide behaviour. (qtd. in COMA 104 notes) C. Statement of the Problem Looking now at the present context, many had claimed that the Filipino Language, culture, as well as history and identity were all distorted out of its original shape, its original civilization. Using the pasyon as one of the tools introduced by Spaniards to slowly conquer the Philippines, we focus on this main question, what are the impacts of the Pasyon and its influences that shaped the Filipinos identity? Here are some additional questions that help us determine the first question: What are the factors that affect the perception of both races in understanding the pasyon. Do both races have different understanding on the reading? How did the translation affect or create an impact to the people’s perception? Moreover, what were the other Christianization Strategies employed by Spaniards to successfully convert the Filipinos to Roman Catholicism given the fact that the both sides were having communication problems? To answer these queries, we are going to examine the content and the history of the pasyon particularly the Pasyon Mahal. And also, we will study both races (Spanish and Filipino) to determine how the pasyon influenced their culture, language, and values to what it is today. D. Objectives of the Study The general objective of the study is to identify the changes and transformation of the Filipino society in terms of the influences brought by the Pasyon. We are also interested in the different custom, tradition, and ideas brought by the colonizers during their invasion. For the most part, Pasyon will be examined as one of the main reasons of how our culture, race and language in the Philippines evolve. We will also analyse and appreciate the content of the pasyon as a factor that shaped the Filipinos identity; and to be able to learn how the Filipino culture and language evolved and adjusted for many years so to understand also the current situation of Filipinos identity. Pasyon was used by the Spanish colonizers as one of their Christianization Strategies; therefore we will also look for the impacts employed by the said reading in Filipinos original customs and tradition. Lastly we will explain why both races have their own perception in understanding the Pasyon. E. Theoretical and Conceptual framework Theoretical framework The following are the theories and concepts related to this study: Medium Theory -medium affects perception, also known as channel theory, or media formalism. McLuhan (1964) challenged conventional definitions when he claimed that the medium is the message. With this claim, he stressed how channels differ, not only in terms of their content, but also in regard to how they awaken and alter thoughts and senses. He distinguished media by the cognitive processes each required. McLuhan popularized the idea that channels are a dominant force that must be understood to know how the media influence society and culture. (Medium theory, utwente. nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/) Standpoint Theory A standpoint influences how the people adopting it socially construct the world. Social group membership affects people’s standpoints. The inequalities of different social groups create differences in their standpoints (Standpoint Theory, Wikipedia. org). Conceptual framework Sapir- Whorf hypothesis would help us understand the different perceptions of the different races with different language of an event with the same situation. Since it assumes that different language produce different way of behaviour, this could help solve our question: â€Å"Do both races have different understanding on the reading? †. This would help us understand that the impacts of the pasyon could have produced more than one In media theory, it is supposed that medium affects perception. This idea would help us lead to a conclusion on how the Pasyon was presented to the audience as the factor that affects their understanding. While the standpoint theory, could help us solve the problem by making social status as the main factor of the problem since it indicates that people with different social levels have different perceptions since they are affected by the hierarchies they are in. F. Significance of the study As Communication Arts students, we believe that this study will help us deepen our understanding about language and culture, particularly in race and language where we can see the relation of how race, language and culture gradually changes. By this we will fully understand how these three elements are continuously shaping each other. We will also learn to see how people in early times communicate and how they relate messages in to reality. In this case, we will have the idea on how people have varieties of notions and interpretations depending on the situation they are in. We are looking forward that our study will also contribute to the body of literature, specifically, to the history of Philippine literature. In terms of appreciation of our Philippine culture, this study aims to seek and value the early literatures written by our early writers here in the Philippines and how this writings awakened the minds of our early heroes. It would also make us understand that the religion of most Filipino today is not solely influenced by the colonizers but a religion gradually modified by our very own native Filipinos. Chapter II Research methodology A. Research design Content analysis or textual analysis is a methodology in the social sciences for studying the content of communication. Earl Babbie defines it as â€Å"the study of recorded human communications, such as books, websites, paintings and laws. † According to Dr. Farooq Joubish, content analysis is considered a scholarly methodology in the humanities by which texts are studied as to authorship, authenticity, or meaning. Harold Lasswell formulated the core questions of content analysis: â€Å"Who says what, to whom, why, to what extent and with what effect?. â€Å"Ole Holsti (1969) offers a broad definition of content analysis as â€Å"any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages. † Procedure This introduction to case study research draws upon six processes: B. Method of Analysing the Data Since we are determined to seek for the history and analyse the content of the Pasyon, a certain descriptive data, must undergo the process of case study method to fully understand its contents. We will access the existing information gathered from the past as well as to dissect the contents into different parts (preferably stanza by stanza) for us to comprehend its ideas and the meanings it imparted. By using the method of case study, we will see why the pasyon has two contradictory functions in the past society. To expand, we will determine and define the research questions, which are already stated in the former part of this paper; Select the cases and determine data gathering and analysis techniques; Prepare to collect the data, since we already have the existing datum, which is a copy of Reynaldo Ileto’s pasyon and revolution book; Collect data in the field, collect records that are related to the making of the Pasyon and how it was used by the early people, considering also its impacts imparted to the society; Evaluate and analyze the data, scrutinized the contents of the said records, and relay it to explain the ideas imparted, say the stanzas of the pasyon and how the Filipino culture relate it to their way of life, next, we also need to compare these collected data and look for the similarities as well as the differences of the subjects, say the culture of the Spanish against the culture of the native Filipinos. Chapter IIIResults and discussion. In this study, we used the Pasyon Pilapil, since it is commonly used, actually the second, and the least-polished of three Church-approved pasyons. This popular name for the Casaysayan of 1814 originates from a traditional belief that it was written by a native priest named Mariano Pilapil, but recent scholarship has established that Pilapil merely edited the 1814 text, the author of which remains unknown (Ileto, 12). For the Content itself: In Reynaldo Ileto’s textual analysis of Pasyon, he claimed that the existence of Jesus Christ was concurrent to the mass’ experiences where His sufferings are much closely understood by the peasant Filipinos, as if their agonies are much like His. Say for example, despite the fact that from the Spanish perspective, the more effective tool, to discourage Indios from enriching and educating themselves to the point where they might constitute a threat to colonial rule, is the pasyon, the perspective of the mass audience, the identification of the wealthy, educated Pharisees, maginoo and pinunong bayan (local Ieaders) with Christ’s tormentors could not fail to have radical implications in actual life. Take the following pasyon Stanzas in which the priests and gentry demand that Pilate sentence Jesus to death (Ileto, 15-16): At caming nagcacapisan dito sa iyong harapan (And we gathered here before your Excellency) Guinoo’t, pinunorig bayan, (Are aristocrats and town chiefs) di mu pa paniualaan (So you have no reason to doubt) sa mga sumbong ng tanan. (all our accusations. ) Caming naghahabla rito (We plaintiffs here) di sinungaling na tauo mayayama,t, maguinoo (Are truthful people gentlemen of rank and wealth) houag nang paniindimin mo (so away with your misgivings) hatulan mo nang totoo. (hand down the verdict. ) (114:6-7) The words were used as obviously boastful and vain that to the extent it imparted an idea of aggression against the weak and poor, making more the character of Christ as the opposite personality. As for the Filipinos, the pasyon carries a language that attracted them to become like the characters of Christ. It gave them a feeling of subversion, a feeling to oppose the â€Å"maguinoong† friars. Even if we, for the moment, limit our attention to the Pasyon Pilapil as a text, it’s bearing on popular movements and social unrest can already be seen. For one thing, the inclusion of episodes relating to the Creation of the World, the Fall of Man, and the Last Judgment makes the Pasyon Pilapil image of universal history, the beginning and end of time, rather than a simple gospel story. In its narration of Christ suffering, death, and resurrection, and of the Day of judgement it provides powerful images of transition from one state or era to another. † (Ileto, 14) The material contains encouragement of revolt against the abusive controls of those who are in power more than the Spanish’s plan of taming and encouraging acceptance of the church since the characters encrypted have symbolism that is not far from the masses (Christ) and Spanish colonizers (Roman Friars) roles in reality. In terms of observing the context structure and word translations, it can be purely seen that errors in composition are highly persistent. â€Å"The Pasyon Pilapil was, in fact, soundly criticized in the late nineteenth century by Aniceto de la Merced, a native priest, in a pamphlet titled Manga Puna (critique). The account, writes De Ia Merced, will open your eyes to the errors, unnoticed hut rampant in that book called Pasong Mahal, which is really the work of an ignoramus. ’ The major criticisms of the Pasyon Pilapil are its incoherence, faulty scholarship, repetitiveness, and clumsy, inaccurate use of language. † (Ileto, 13) However, in terms of the translation, we found out that the original Pasyon, which we discovered that it was really a Filipino who wrote the book. Gaspar Aquino de Belen, a bilingual poet and a translator made the first Pasyon under the order of the Spanish missionaries, the Encomienda System that orders the people to convert the people into Catholic religion. In this case, we found out that neither the Pasyon was modified from the Book of the Bible and was from Spanish nor from Roman origin thus it was a customization of the story of Jesus Christ in the New Testament. However, in terms of the alteration of the meaning, though the text was converted and modified, we have observed that the sense that the reading wants to impart are still the same since both the Bible and The Pasyon contains the story and the life of Jesus Christ, though the latter is in poetic form. For Social Hierarchy It was said that the power dynamic that makes racial difference historically has been tied to colonialism. Some, incorporated fairly fully, forcing their national language (or atleast its writing system) (Paul Spickard, Race and Nation, 2005). In, Leslie E. Bauzon’s work, â€Å"Influence of the Spanish Culture†, she pointed out that Spaniards transplanted their social, economic, and political institutions for about 333 years of colonial sovereign (1565-1898). Moreover, in order to administer the Philippines, the Spaniards extended their royal government to the Filipinos. This highly centralized governmental system was theocratic. There was a union of Church and State. The Roman Catholic Church was equal to and coterminous with the State. In addition, when we look into the perspective of the colonizers, the use of the pasyon simply affirms prevailing social structure in which the virtue of meekness and resignation to suffering, rather than the confrontation of the oppression, seems to have been encouraged. Filipinos then, were isolated in the idea that a Christian must follow its duties because reward is forthcoming in heaven. Because of that it was obvious that the Spaniards take advantage of the situation that the natives will not rebel against them since they respect the Friars as a leader who teaches the gospel of the Lord. Meaning, having the thought of opposing the Catholic Church, suggests that you also oppose God. (Filipino Heritage. com) Therefore, it could be the influenced of the colonizer’s social status in which they stand as the powerful and dominant in which the natives did not seem to see the idea of revolution. Since, the area where they view the framework is less viewable than the view of the others who sees it. However, on the side of those who were classified as low class, the native Filipino, the interpretations of the pasyon are more viewed as a social awakeners and generator of revolution than just a pure passionate reading for the religion. Just like what the Standpoint theory tells, â€Å". The inequalities of different social groups create differences in their standpoints. † It was clear that there were functions in which the pasyon may alter popular consciousness. However, because of the social levels they are in, the interpretations of the meanings of the book were altered. For the Culture (in terms of religion) To understand this factor, it is good to look back the practices and behaviour they both (Spaniards and Filipino) had before the colonization take place. There, we must observe, and study their similarities and differences. For the Spanish: Spain, as it has been observed, is a nation-state born out of religious struggle mainly between Catholicism and Islam, but also against Judaism (site) The culture of Spain is a European culture based on a variety of influences. These include the pre-Roman cultures, mainly the celts and the Iberians cultures; but mainly in the period of Roman influences. In the areas of language and religion, the Ancient Romans left a lasting legacy. The subsequent course of Spanish history also added elements to the country’s cultural development. [†¦] Spain became an almost entirely Roman Catholic country and Catholicism became their state religion in 1851. (Culture of Spain, Wikipedia. org) For the Filipinos, their God, Bathala was the supreme god of the pre-Spanish Filipinos. They attributed to Bathala, the creator of the heavens, Earth, and man. There were lesser gods and goddesses, like a god of death, a god of agriculture, a goddess of harvest, sea gods, river gods, and the like. It was also believed that things found in nature were full of spirits more powerful than man was. Spirits of dead relatives were also revered. Sacrifices were offered to all of them. The ancient Filipinos believed in the immortality of the soul and in life after death. Disease or illness was attributed to the whims of the environmental spirits and the soul-spirits of the dead relatives. The pre-Spanish Filipinos also revered idols, called anitos in Tagalog and diwata in Visayan. These seem to be the counterparts of the present saints, to whom Filipinos offer prayers and food, much like their ancestors did. (Philippine History, asiarecipe. com) Their likenesses of their religion are much likely far from each other. As we observe, Spanish religion is purely an influence from Roman civilization and Filipino religion is a culture that blooms naturally as their civilization grows. The Spanish believes in one God hence, Filipinos were animists. That is why, when the colonization took over, majority of the Filipinos rejected their own religion. Moreover, considering some factors that give difficulties to penetrate the areas, colonizer almost failed their mission. However, in 1599, negotiation began between a number of chieftains, their freemen, and the Spaniards. The natives agreed to submit to the rule of a Castilian king and in return, the natives were indoctrinated into Christianity and were protected from their enemies, mostly Japanese, Chinese, and Muslim pirates. However, the conquest and conversion efforts were neither as easy nor as negotiable as this contract. The missionaries faced many obstacles and successes along the path to Christianization. [†¦] When, Miguel Lopez de Legaspi set up the colonial system beginning 1565, he implemented an encomienda system where a native could acquire land if he underwent baptism and registered as a Catholic. Massive conversion occurred at this time. Many of which have, since then, adopted the same values of Catholics. It was clear to understand that they accepted the conversion only for protection and not as a pure religion. (Roman Catholic, Wikipedia. org) The pasyon is a Tagalog prayer book introduced by the missionaries and one of the tactics used for evangelism. Because of that, there is be a possibility that if natives refuse to follow the Spaniards, it could be an act of revolt of their new religion since they still have the faith of the former beliefs and since the conversion was only forced. However, these evidences are not strong enough to support the culture as the main factor that triggers different understanding on the reading. Moreover, as the colonization took place, and the catholic religion was introduced, the religious culture was slowly evolving and modified by several aspects, one of these is the Pasyon. â€Å"But like other regions of Southeast Asia which â€Å"domesticated† Hindu, Buddhist, Confucian, and Islamic influences, the Philippines, despite the fact that Catholicism was more often than not imposed on it by Spanish missionaries, creatively evolved its own brand of folk Christianity from which was drawn much of the language of anticolonialism in the late nineteenth century† (Ileto, 11-12) Chapter IV: Summary, Conclusion and recommendation The Pabasa or Pasyon have become a part of the Filipinos religious life ever since the colonization begun. As what history tells, it was used to tame and convert the native Filipino from being pagans to Christian. But, unfortunately the function did not worked accordingly to the Spanish since it had caused the Filipino people to revolt against them. It had become a tool that helped the Filipinos awaken their minds and thought about their present standing. We will try to determine the major factor that contribute to this event by gathering data, analyze and evaluate the data collected. Our findings lead us to this conclusion, according to the numbers of reliable data and by deep analyzing of the three supposed factors, the content of the pasyon and the social hierarchies are the main roots why the revolts of the mass have ascended. Though we consider the culture in terms of religious aspects as an undersized contributor, it is likely stands more on the fact that the culture is the one modified by the Pasyon since the beliefs of the Philippine culture eventually changed in time colonization. Bibliography Ileto, Reynaldo. Pasyon and Revolution; Popular Movements in the Philippines. Manila, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1979 Spickard, Paul. Race and Nation: ethnic systems in the modern world. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2005 Language Definitions. 26 September 2011. Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia. 26 September 2011. < http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki>. Medium Theory. 7 Sep 2010. University of Twente. 7 Sep 2010. < http://www. utwente. nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/> Pabasa (ritual). 11 July 2011. Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia. 11 July 2011. < http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki>. Pasyon. 19 July 2011. Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia. 19 July 2011. < http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki>. Roman Catholicism in the Philippines. 26 September 2011. Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia. 26September 2011. < http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki>. Standpoint theory. 29 April 2011. Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia. 29 April 2011. < http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki>. Vanzi, Sol Jose. â€Å"FIRST TAGALOG ‘PASYON’ A BESTSELLER. † PHILIPPINE HEADLINE NEWS ONLINE. (4 April 2007): 20 Sept. 2011 Language and Culture notes. (COMA 104 Class) Spanish Influence on Language, Culture, and Philippine History. Spanish Made easy for Filipinos. 26 September 2011.

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Ethics in Corporate Governance - Essay Example Corporate governance helps to bring a supreme level of satisfactions to five different constituencies, such as employees, customers, vendors, investors and societies. Effective corporate performance and successful markets are based on a commitment to fundamental ethical principles. Ethical standards can be expressed in a formal conduct requirement of the organization which can guide preferred behavior of an organization. Six Steps Majority of the successful organizations implemented several codes of ethics for their employees to conduct in an appropriate manner while practicing business operations. Corporate ethics are considered as the guiding principles. â€Å"Ethics helps to build mutual relationship and develop the sense of social belongingness† (Sison, 2008). Effective corporate governance can be achieved through best practices and set of principles. An effective deal depends upon the honesty, integrity and manners. Corporate governance determines how an organization is m anaging their relationship with their stakeholders and shareholders. Ethical investors always expect transparency and honesty from the organizations. Six steps can be recommended to the board of an organization in order to maintain ethics. The board of the organization must implement their own fundamental capabilities and values. This will help them to optimize their leadership potential. They should build an organizational environment of trust with their investors and employees. Moreover, all the stakeholders of the organization should feel free to discuss several ethical issues and dilemmas with the board of the organization. It is the important for the organizations to clarify and announce the responsibilities and roles of the management and board in order to provide an effective level of accountability to the stakeholders. â€Å"Material matters’ disclosure should follow transparency by the organizations† (Fernando, 2009). The board of the organization should ensur e that all the investors have effective access to the factual and clear information. Therefore, it can be stated that ethics play an important role in corporate governance and organizational performance. If the organizations have high reputation for effective ethical behavior, it can engender both employee and customer loyalty. Board of the organization should ensure that ethical codes and vision of the organization is communicated to every stakeholders of the organization. The board should integrate these codes with the ethical vision of their company. This process can be executed through policy manuals, newsletters, team meetings, corporate meeting with investors, and several training events. The board of the organization should ensure that the organizational culture and behavior are following ethical vision. Reports regarding unethical behavior need to be thoroughly investigated by the board. Moreover, it is their responsibility to punish the violators of corporate governance and ethical standards. In addition, the board should provide rewards to those employees who are maintaining positive ethical behavior. Most importantly, the organization should provide all true and factual information to their investors and other stakeholders. Last controlling and sustaining ethical behavior will be the last step for the board of the organization. They need to execute survey process in order to know the ethical behavior of the organizatio

Factors Of Selecting A Destination Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Factors Of Selecting A Destination - Coursework Example Issues concerning the safety of tourists are as engrossing as they are profound. Most studies that examine the relationship between tourism, terrorism and political stability likewise yield issues that arise due to war and crime. The inquiry remains, notwithstanding, whether these studies shed sufficient light on the current understanding of how global tourism survives in political violence or terrorism. Without any doubt, â€Å"even its active and valuable economic impact does not shield global tourism from the vile force of terrorism† (Buhalis et al., 2006, p.33). While many natural or human-caused events can altogether effect the growth of tourism, security issues, and political turmoil scare potential tourists. The relationship between tourism and terrorism involves many aspects: possible interventions to curb security risks, effects of terrorism on tourism demand, and motives of targeting certain tourists. The trepidation of unexpected terrorist activities is not new, but rather the attention it has commanded traces back to ten years ago. In recent events, â€Å"the 1991 Persian Gulf War and other related global worldwide terrorism refocused consideration on the subject† (Sà ¶nmez, 1998, p.1). On various occasions, terrorist assaults have been experienced in other parts of the world. These violence activities have pushed the tourism and travel industry to come up with travel paradigm shifts hence making tourism security a fundamental consideration for all tourists. Vital inquiries remain: how do places characterized political difficulties handle the negative image? How does the tourism industry at large deal with the emergence of political turmoil? By what method would governments use to curb terrorism and political instability? Subsequently, this paper endeavors to discuss factors to be considered by tourists while selecting a destination. Politics is a major risk

The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Essay

The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 - Essay Example Care must however be taken by policemen in the exercise of the powers assigned to them in the Act. This is because non-conformity with the specific terms of the act may bring about a criminal liability and on the other hand searching, arresting, detaining and interviewing suspects outside the provisions of the act may render the evidences produced inadmissible in court. Perpetrators of serious crimes like murder, treason and the like were being arrested without warrant following an act of parliament in 1967.Further update of the police powers relating to the common law ,particularly as contained in the act of 1967,were carried out by a Royal Commission headed by Sir Cyril Phillips. Following an upsurge in crime particularly of burglary and robbery in 1981 in the Brixton area, a London-wide campaign was initiated code-named "Operation Swamp 81" picking its name from remarks made in 1978 by the Prime Minister Margareth Thatcher. Consequent on the Act of 1967, 943 were stopped and 118 of them were eventually arrested, the bulk of these people stopped and arrested were blacks .This brought about an increase in the complaints about harassment and racism. Relations between the black community and the police suffered a setback. Stop and search powers given to the police in the Act of 1984 had a wide coverage .under this section of the act a constable is given the right to stop and search persons vehicle e.t.c at any place and time but however does not include dwelling. These powers can however not be exercised except on the grounds pf suspicion that he might find something stolen or prohibited in the course. The person may be detained for this same while this is being carried out. Riots in British towns and cities did not in 1981.Further skirmishes occurred in 1985 in which P.C Keith Blakelock was killed was killed. The location of the far-right British national Party in the southeast London in 1993 resulted in a massive demonstration that left Stephen Lawrence a black teenager dead. The Police and Criminal evidence Act has since undergone certain degrees of review .one of such reviews was the police Police Reform Act 2002 some of whose main provisions take care of annual policing plans practice removal of the bars on the employment of non-British nationals into the force A longer title for the police reform act 2002 goes thus "An act to make new provision about the supervision, administration, functions and conduct of police forces ,police forces and other persons serving with, or carrying out functions in relation to, the police; to amend police powers and to provide for the exercise of police powers by persons who are not police officers :to amend the law relating to anti-social behaviour order; to amend the law relating to sex offender orders; and for corrected purposes. e.t.c. In 2005 a further modification of PACE was made in the form of Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 replacing nearly all pre-existing powers of arrest; of significance in this A ct is the new general power of arrest for all offences. Discrimination, unemployment and poverty were fingered by the Scarman enquiry as the major culprits of the Brixton riots. While dismissing allegations

Fostering citizen Information Literacy Essay Example for Free

Fostering citizen Information Literacy Essay For social and economic developments in a country there has to be a good information system (IFLA 2003). For an empowered nation all the citizens should have an easy access to information most especially the developing nations. This will make the citizens make decisions easily hence develop the country. Libraries should be well equipped and structured with programs that will enhance information flow amongst the citizens (Chagari 2005). Libraries should therefore be used to transform nations by providing for their information needs. Information literacy is the process by which information can be extracted from various sources, analyzed and used correctly for decision making. This is the main mission to be achieved in the information age (Australian Library and Information Association 2001). Current information literacy is a necessity in the societies. Opportunities are availed in the modern societies whether cultural or educational requires citizens to be information literate (Drotner 2005). Information literacy will be a motivation factor to many people to acquire knowledge in pursuing their studies through out their lives hence personal empowerment (Chagari 2005). Fostering citizen Information Literacy According to Chagari (2005), public libraries have played a very important role in fostering information literacy amongst the citizens. Public libraries have actively engaged in giving information based services to citizens that have no access to the required information. All the disadvantaged groups or individuals have been identified and everyone including the sick, disabled, unemployed or low income earners has access to information without discrimination. Public libraries have helped in nurturing information literacy in many ways. These included through instructing the users. Tutorials have been made to help train the library users on how to access the required information and use it. There are printed materials in many public libraries to guide the users on how to access the required information (Chagari 2005). These handouts enhance learning and usage of such facilities. Librarians can also provide reference materials to the library users. The librarians may identify certain area and show the learners how to carryout a research in that area thereby lessening their work. The areas chosen may be on specific research areas for example; The users may be showed how to use references available in written materials, how to access online materials using online interactive models. For instance the virtual reference desks connected to internet. Interactive databases can be used to help in decision making. All these methods will enhance learning as a result of improved access to information (Chagari 2005). Public libraries have promoted collaborations amongst various library users and researchers. Through the public library usage, a teacher learner partnership is most likely to be formed. Librarians have to interact with other researchers based on different fields to get the relevant information about the information they have. Through this collaboration information literacy is enhanced (Chagari 2005). Both governmental and non governmental organizations have partnered to help gather information about a particular problem or issue in the organization. This has also been observed through local associates and writers dealing with literature. Promotions and marketing have been done by the public libraries to create awareness amongst the citizens about information literacy. This is to ensure that the citizens’ requirements are met. To ensure every citizen is aware of such services, public libraries have used electronic, printed and vocal communication means to create awareness. Internet, newspapers and televisions have been used to help disseminate such information. Information literacy awareness has been popularized in many countries hence an awareness to the citizens (Chagari 2005). There have been posters or bill boards to help distribute materials about information literacy, training programs, talks, exhibitions and meetings. All these are aimed at creating awareness to the public to encourage citizens to take part in information literacy programs. There has online library sites created to allow for online access of the library information. It may at times require face to face meetings to negotiate on the legal requirements between the local and governmental organizations. Public libraries have made it possible to allow for the arrangement of materials depending on events hence to attract people (Libraries for lifelong Literacy 2004). Revenues have been collected from such services. The revenue collected can be used in developing the systems to be more efficient to the users (Chagari 2005). Suggestions have been made to help support certain groups for instance the women groups to make them computer literate (Kargbo 2004). Public libraries have suggested for both public and private bodies to support adult trainings on areas such as sanitation, nutrition, health, consumer rights, management of food, water, income amongst others (Chagari 2005). These are areas that require public interests to develop a country hence a way to involve many citizens. Such training promotes empowerment hence citizenship. Public libraries have come up with the youth training programs. The libraries provide for the youths needs and hence empower them to meet their goals. Information literacy institutions have been established. There have been associations formed between colleges and research libraries to help develop library attendants. This ensures that the librarians can assess well and ensure improvements in the information literacy programmes available (Chagari 2005). Most undergraduate programs have been advanced to include the information literacy programs. To nurture information literacy amongst citizens, there has to be public libraries in the countries. Through the libraries citizens will get access to information easily and also embrace the new technology of acquiring skills. Government should ensure a global access to information and communication materials or devices (Lough 2002). The only way that societies can ensure active participations in cultural, social, political and economic development is through the digital divide (Bennett 2001). Technology is very fundamental for citizenship in the modern society (BECTA b 2001). There has been an increased use of technology amongst the societies (Home Office 2001b). Computer usage has been introduced in most homes, schools, offices and hence an increased access to information (Home Office 2001a). Countries have introduced computers in their libraries. This is in order to provide equal access to information and enhance digital information access (Serbia 2004). Digital information access in the public libraries will promote information literacy and at the same time provide an extended learning opportunity to the citizens. IFLA as the international body that represents the interests of library users and information service providers requires an equal access to information amongst the citizens. According to Serbia (2004), there are policies and rules that have been formed to ensure standards in public libraries. The standards are based on services as follows; purposes and roles, financial and legal structures, customer or user satisfaction, development strategies, attendants’ qualifications and the management and marketing. All public libraries have to meet quality services based. All public libraries have to have their mission stated somewhere to show the citizens the services they provide. These may include free access to information communication technology to all irrespective of the age to foster and support information literacy. There has been emphasis from governments worldwide on corporate responsibility in developing our nations. A publication has been made on information literacy to promote citizenship empowerment by the UNESCO (Correia 2002). The document was aimed at assessing the policies that govern literature study and to give a way forward to ensure information literacy programmes are implemented in all countries worldwide. In developing countries there is a lot of information available to the citizens. This mass information requires a lot of management to make more useful to the citizens. Librarians have been trained and employed to aid the public library users in accessing such information efficiently (Qvortrup 2007). To promote information literacy, citizens are therefore required to have the basic knowledge to find the required information and use it appropriately on their own. Public libraries have transformed societies in many ways. This is because the libraries have broadened their roles in the societies not only to benefit everyone but also to empower citizens through equitable access to information (Konera 2008; Stipanov 2005; Howley 2004). According to Collection Development Policy (2003), for public libraries to foster information literacy for the well being of the citizens there has to high standards of integrity and services adopted. The librarians should learn how to interact well with the information systems and at the same time how to take good care of the citizens as learners. The librarians should foster intellectual freedom to facilitate information flow and decision making. The librarians should also respect intellectual property hence exercise their power or responsibility on their duty. Clients rights should always be protected giving them access to the required information always. The librarians should be sensitive to the citizens’ requirements or suggestions to ensure all their needs are catered for adequately. Supporting Citizen Information Literacy Public libraries have supported information literacy in many ways. Public libraries use computer systems to store records of information available in the libraries. According to Chagari (2005), computer and networking devices have facilitated learning during the programs organized for information literacy. Through multimedia materials the learners’ participation was enhanced. Coaxial cables have popularized in many countries hence used in many libraries to reach many users through networking. Networking is very cost effective especially when used to access people that are geographically away from each other. Through using the coaxial cables both rural and urban residents can be reached. Information access can also be achieved any where provided you are within the network. The training programs can be video taped and telecasted to targeted groups anywhere within the country (Chagari 2005). With both entertainment and educational opportunities provided by the computerized programs citizens can be easily attracted and motivated to acquire the required information. Mass media communication has been used to broadcast the information literacy programs. Radios, televisions and newspapers can be easily accessed by the majority in many countries. These can be used as tools to sensitize people on the need for information literacy. Librarians have dealt with the context based programs to help them identify the areas of importance to most users for instance political, social, cultural and economic. This was based on the fact that to optimize participation from the citizens their areas of interest must be tackled (Chagari 2005). This encourages citizens to strive for the best in life. The librarians are therefore supposed to ensure every citizen is aware of such services. According to Serbia (2004), communities are different depending with the nation. The requirements of such communities will be different depending on their cultural and social differences. Structures and systems to be devised in the public libraries will therefore be different (BECTA b 2001). Each public library in each country should therefore have their own vision and mission to state their service objectives. The mission statement will help address the individual needs of the public library users. This will also show the technology to be put in place. Opinion on Public Library Preparedness for fostering and supporting citizen information Literacy According to UNESCO public library manifesto (1994), public libraries had their mission since 1994 (Forsyth 2005). Amongst their missions was to ensure equal and reliable access to information for all citizens. It follows that public libraries started emphasizing on information literacy from that time. Institutions were formed to facilitate information literacy. Public libraries came up with policies to ensure its services are free of charge and available to every citizen. Public libraries opted for a nation wide network to facilitate researches and information sharing globally (Hancock 2004). All these were to be funded and hence implemented in all libraries. In this sense, I think public libraries were prepared to ensure equal access to information by citizens. Public libraries have developed programs to help attract, train and develop different members of the societies (Chagari 2005). I think this is a sign of preparedness and they still want to involve more and more. Public libraries have trained their staff to facilitate their ability to train the library users, manage the information in the libraries and collaborate with other people to ensure learning. There is increased level of management in many libraries. Information access has been enhanced for instance the librarians have arranged the information depending on the events or certain topics and authors for easy access. In my own opinion, public libraries have been well prepared to nurture and support information literacy in societies. This is because other than the traditional information sources, libraries have embarked on technology use allowing the citizens to get access to information from various sources. This ensures increased availability of information to the citizens. Public libraries have availed information in video or disc tapes, portable disks. Information has also been simulated and recorded to help in demonstrations where human beings are likely to be exposed to high risks (Chagari 2005). According to John (2002), a library should be able to provide the following services to the users or citizens. Similarly, a library is a place to provide the citizens with information, informing and helping them in making decisions (Centre for Citizenship Studies in Education 2002). I think public libraries should therefore keep the citizens up to date with the information about their daily life and provide them with the adaptive features. Public libraries have provided all these services hence a sign of preparedness to create awareness to promote citizenship. It is my opinion that public libraries have been well prepared to support and promote information literacy amongst citizens. With the advancement of technology this was going to be easily achieved. Public libraries have embraced technology making all citizens computer literate hence bridging the gap between the digital divide. This shows how determined public libraries are to ensure every citizen has access to the required information as a sign of empowerment. Public Libraries have come up with projects that promote sharing, support and researches through organized meetings, conferences, forming partnerships (John 2002). I think this is in order to facilitate quality training, gather the required information and to reach as many citizens as possible Public libraries have even cooperated with other organizations to lend information materials, purchase jointly or even achieve joint storage facilities hence share the costs. This is a sign of preparedness. The libraries are ready to help citizens acquire the required information at all costs. According to Bundy (2003), there was a research done in 2002 to help find out the educational requirements of international students. The research was aimed at identifying the difficulties experienced by the students in access information. Information is power and hence acquisition of the right information by every citizen is a sign of empowerment. I think, public libraries therefore wanted to ensure everyone has access to the right information everywhere. In this sense the libraries prepared well to provide for everyone and hence an equal chance to meet their goals as individuals. I have a strong opinion that public libraries have been well prepared to foster and support information literacy to citizens. Information is a democratic tool and hence can be used to achieve democracy. Information alone may not guarantee democracy one has to struggle to know how to use it well in decision making (Bundy 2003). This calls for information literacy. Public libraries have been on the front line to sensitize all citizens on various issues that affect our societies. Through public libraries various groups in our societies have been trained and informed about cultural, political and economic factors that affect them. I think public libraries have prepared well for information literacy amongst citizens. Since the emergence of technology, there came a need for information literacy. Public libraries formed institutions like National Forum on Information Literacy (NFIL). Such institutions have been used by many countries to ensure their citizens get access to information or to be information literate (Bruce 2002). NFIL has been used by many countries to solve the library issues to foster information literacy in our institutions (Durrance 2005). I think that all the countries that participated in NFIL wanted to ensure non-discriminative access to information by all citizens hence empower all to build our nations Conclusion Library Information literacy is a process of getting access to information, retrieving it and manipulating it to be used in decision making. In most countries worldwide citizens are accessed to basic information only. This is not enough to empower the citizens and promote citizenship. There is therefore need to train people on ways of getting easy access to the required information (Bawden et al 2002). With the advancement in technology Internet and computer use has enhanced the way information can be accessed globally. There are universally used standards to enhance information access (Boaz et al 2000). Through computer use and networking devices information access and reliability has been enhanced. A global reach can be achieved through networking or using the network cable like coaxial (Chagari 2005). There are increases information sources other than the traditional ones. I think this promotes information access, flow and management in the societies. People can even access the library information online anywhere in the world. This an added advantage to most tourists, researchers and students. Reference: Australian Library and Information Association. 2001, Learning for the Future: Developing Information services in Australian schools. Australian School Library Association and Australian Library and Information Association. 2nd ed. Curriculum Corporation, 2001. Bawden, David and Robinson, Lyn. 2002, Promoting Literacy in a digital age: Approaches to training Information Literacy. Learned Publishing, Vol. 15(4). P 297-301. BECTA b. 2001, British Educational Communications Technology Agency The ‘Digital Divide’: A Discussion Paper. Bennett, M. 2001, Reaching those in need. Benton Foundation Buildings, Books and Bytes: Libraries and Communities in the Digital Age. Public Library Journal,Vol. 16 (4), p. 105-7. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://benton. org/Library /Kellogg Booz, Allen Hamilton, 2000, Achieving Universal Access. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://number10-gov. uk Bundy, A. 2003, Opportunity and accountability: Information literacy and libraries in Higher education Paper presented at the Tertiary Alliance Libraries Group. Information literacy Seminar University of Waikato, Hamilton NZ 4 September. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://www. library. unisa. edu. au/about/papers/opportunity-and-accountability. pdf. Bruce, C. S. 2002, Information Literacy as catalyst for educational change; A background paper, July 2002. White paper prepared for Unesco, the US National Commission on Libraries Information Science, and the National Forum on Information Literacy. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://www. nclis. gov/libinfor/infolitconf. pdfme/papers/bruce-fulpaper. pdf Centre for Citizenship Studies in Education. 2002, University of Leicester. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://le. ac. uk/education/centres/citizenship Centre for Democracy and Technology. 2002, Bridging the Digital Divide: Internet Access in Central and Eastern Europe. Chagari, S. 2005, 140 SI Management and Marketing with Information Literacy Information capability building: Role of information Literacy Programmes. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://www. ifla. org. sg/IV/ifla71/papers/043e-Chagari. pdf Collection Development Policy. 2003, A statement on free access to information. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://www. strl. nsw. gov. au/CDP%20Appendices. pdf Correia, A. M. R. 2002, Information Literacy for Effective and Active Citizenship. White paper prepared for UNESCO, the US National Commission on Libraries and Information Science and the National Forum on Information Literacy for use a the Information Literacy meeting of Experts, Prague, the Czech Republic. Drotner, K. 2005, Library innovation for the knowledge society. Scandinavian Public Library quarterly, Vol. 38(2): 20-23. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://www. splq. info/issues/vol38_2/07. htm Durrance, J. C. 2005, The Vital Role of Librarians in Creating Information Communities: Strategies for Success. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://www. si. umich. edu/helpseek/Publications/LAMApub. htm Forsyth, E. 2005, Public libraries and the millennium development goals. IFLA journal, Vol. 31(4): 315-323. Hancock, V. E. 2004, Information Literacy and long life learning: Information Literacy For Lifelong Learning. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://www. libraryinstruction. com/information-literacy. html Home Office a. 2001, Annual Abstract of Statistics. 8. 4. Home Office b. 2001, Social Trends. (HMSO) 31. Howley, S. 2004, Routes to Knowledge. Library and Information Research, Vol. 28 (88): 42-46. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://www. lirg. org. uk/lir/pdf/88_howley. pdf. John, N. R. 2002, Civil Society and the Role of Libraries: Fostering Civil Society, Yerevan, Armenia. University of Illinois at Chicago. Viewed on23rd May 2009. Available at http://indigo. lib. uic. edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/10027/64/1/civil. ppt. Koneru, I. 2008, Revamping Public Library system for equitable access to knowledge: NKC recommendations on libraries. Available at http://icfaiuniversity. academia. edu/documents/0009/2907/NKC_Public_Libraries. doc. IFLA. 2003, Information for all: the key role of libraries in the information society. Report prepared for: libraries @ the heart of the information society. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at www. unige. ch/biblio/ses/IFLA/rol_lib_030526. pdf Kargbo, J. A. 2004, Adult education in Sierra Leone: what role for libraries? World libraries, Vol. 14(1). Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://www. worlib. org/vol14no1/kargbo_v14n1. shtml Libraries for life long Literacy. 2004, Unrestricted access to Information as a basis for Lifelong learning and empowerment. In IFLA/FAIFE World Report Series. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://www. ifla. org/faife/report/FAIFE report 2004. htm Lough, V. 2002, Citizenship, Computer Literacy and the changing role of the Public Library Service in the United Kingdom. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://www. odeluce. stir. ac. uk/docs/Lough. pdf. Serbia, B. E. 2004, Strategic planning and Organizational Development for Libraries. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://www. nb. rs/view_file. php? file_id=812. Stipanov, J. 2005, Knowledge Society and Public Libraries. Paper presented at the Naple Conference, Supetar, October 6-7, 2005. Available at http://www. naple. info/supetar/stipanov. pdf. Tise, E. 2009, Access to Knowledge through Libraries: Information Services and Information Literacy Today. Library and Information Services Stellenbosch University, South Africa; IFLA President-elect 2007-2009. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://www. ifladeutschland. de/de/downloads/keynote_tise_suedafrika. pdf. Qvortrup, L. 2007, The Public Library: from information access to knowledge management: a theory of knowledge and knowledge categories. Information research, Vol. 12 (4). Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at http://informationr. net/ir/12-4/colis/colis17. html Unesco Lobrary Manifesto. 1994, UNESCO Public Library Manifesto 1994. Viewed on 23rd May 2009. Available at www. fundaciongsr. es/documentos/manifiestos/mani94en. pdf